Spatial analysis of HIV detection rates among Brazilian young men, 2007-2021.

The main goal of this study was to spatially analyze the HIV epidemic scenario in young men in Brazil, 2007-2021. We used secondary data obtained from the Brazilian Information System for Notifiable Diseases. Individuals aged 15-29 years with permanent residence in Brazil who were diagnosed with HIV during the study period were included in the analysis. Municipality HIV age-adjusted detection rates were analyzed through spatial distribution, autocorrelation, and spatiotemporal risk analyses. During the study period, 108,392 HIV cases were reported in young Brazilian men. The HIV epidemic increased territorially in the northern, northeastern, midwestern, and southeastern regions but decreased in the southern region. Although the number of clusters comprising municipalities with high HIV detection rates (hotspots) decreased, new ones appeared, expanded, or stopped changing size. Hotspots and spatio-temporal risk zones (spatial areas with increased HIV detection in a specific period) comprised economically developed municipalities with high demographic density surrounded by less developed municipalities. The period of the spatiotemporal risk zones was between 2008 and 2021. Our study showed that HIV detection rates continue to increase among young Brazilian men, and health authorities should reinforce efforts mainly in capitals and surrounded municipalities in the north, northeast, southeast, and midwest regions.

Los significados de la violencia obstétrica en el proceso de parto y nacimiento / The meanings of obstetric violence in the labor and birth process

Introducción: La violencia obstétrica está presente en el día a día de la maternidad y en la práctica de los profesionales de salud, donde es necesaria una atención ética y humanizada. Objetivo: Analizar los valores expresados por los significados de los profesionales de salud sobre la violencia obstétrica en el proceso de parto y nacimiento. Métodos: Estudio fenomenológico basado en la Teoría de los Valores de Max Scheler, realizado con 48 profesionales de salud de cuatro maternidades de Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brasil, por medio de muestreo de conveniencia. Información recogida mediante entrevista fenomenológica entre abril/2017 y abril/2018 y analizada mediante el marco metodológico de la Teoría de la Interpretación de Paul Ricoeur. Resultados: Algunos profesionales desconocían o no reconocían la violencia obstétrica, se expresó un contravalor para la formación sanitaria. El valor científico apuntó a la posibilidad de resignificar la atención obstétrica como valor ético-vital en la práctica protectora contra los actos de violencia. Conclusión: Los valores vitales, éticos y científicos constituyen la base de una práctica segura y cualificada, y son valores protectores frente a la violencia obstétrica. Sin embargo, no se valora la formación sanitaria, lo que contribuye a la invisibilidad de las mujeres y de la propia violencia(AU)

Introduction: Obstetric violence is in the daily life of maternity hospitals and in the practice of healthcare professionals, where there is a need for humanized and ethic care. Goal: To analyze values expressed by the meanings of healthcare professionals about obstetric violence in the process of labor and birth. Methods: This is a phenomenological study, based on Max Scheler's Values Theory, carried out with 48 healthcare professionals of four maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil. The participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Data was collected between April/2017 and April/2018 by phenomenological interview and analyzed using the methodological framework of Paul Ricoeur's Theory of Interpretation. Results: Some professionals were unaware or did not recognize obstetric violence, expresses itself a counter-value for health education. The scientific value points out to the possibility of re-signification of the obstetric care, as a vital-ethical value in protective practice against violence acts. Conclusion: Values in the vital-ethical and scientific field constitute a foundation for safe and qualified practice, being protective values in the face of obstetric violence. However, there is no appreciation for health education, which contributes to the invisibility of women and obstetric violence itself(AU)

Spatial variability of mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus transmission in a province in the Brazilian Rainforest: An ecological study.

The mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a serious public health problem in the Brazilian Rainforest. This study aimed to spatially analyze this type of infection between 2007 and 2018 in Pará, which is the second-largest Brazilian state in the Brazilian Rainforest and also has the highest MTCT of HIV in Brazil. We analyzed the incidence rates of HIV (including the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by MTCT as the main route of infection in children younger than 13 years old and whose mothers live in Pará. We employed spatial autocorrelation, spatial scanning, and geographic-weighted spatial regression techniques. In the period of this study, 389 new HIV/AIDS were noted, with territorial expansion of the incidence rates in the municipalities in northern and southern Pará having the highest rates. São Francisco do Pará had high spatial risk and high-spatiotemporal risk clusters comprising municipalities in western and south-western Pará between 2013 and 2016. The spatial variability of HIV/AIDS incidence rates was found to be common in the number of men and women with formal jobs; unemployed ≥18 years old people; elementary school pupils; and families enrolled in the "Single Registry for Social Programs". The social equity approach in Pará guarantee pregnant women access to preventive, diagnostic and treatment health services and their children should be supported to eliminate the MTCT of HIV in Pará.